Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Treatment of Industrial Wastewater

Abstract

Industrial wastewater management remains a critical environmental and regulatory challenge in the United States due to increasing industrial activity, stringent discharge standards, and growing concerns over water scarcity and ecosystem degradation. Conventional treatment methods, while effective for basic pollutant removal, often fall short in addressing emerging contaminants, energy efficiency, and long-term sustainability goals. This study examines emerging technologies for the sustainable treatment of industrial wastewater, with a specific focus on their applicability within the U.S. industrial and regulatory context. Key technological advancements reviewed include advanced membrane systems, electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes, biotechnology-driven treatments, and nature-based hybrid solutions. In addition, the integration of digital innovations such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things enabled monitoring, and smart process control is explored as a means to enhance operational efficiency and compliance. Emphasis is placed on sustainability outcomes, including water reuse, resource recovery, reduced carbon footprint, and alignment with circular economy principles. The analysis also considers policy frameworks, economic feasibility, and scalability challenges influencing technology adoption in the United States. Overall, the study highlights the transformative potential of emerging wastewater treatment technologies to support industrial sustainability, regulatory compliance, and long-term water security in the U.S.