Advancements and Challenges in Computer Networking: A Comprehensive Study

Abstract

Computer networking is the foundation of modern digital communication, enabling seamless data exchange across devices and systems. Over the decades, networking technologies have evolved significantly—from early LANs and WANs to contemporary paradigms like 5G, Software-Defined Networking (SDN), and the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper explores the fundamental concepts of computer networking, recent technological advancements, prevailing challenges, and future directions. Emphasis is placed on performance, security, scalability, and the role of emerging technologies in shaping future network infrastructure